The Treaty of Falaise (1174) was one of the most humiliating agreements in Scottish history. Under its terms, William recognized Henry II as his feudal superior, and English garrisons occupied several strategic castles in Scotland, including Edinburgh, Stirling, and Berwick. William’s submi

William’s nickname "the Lion" (Longsword) is believed to derive from his adoption of the lion rampant as a royal symbol—a striking red lion on a yellow background, which became a powerful emblem of Scottish royalty. The lion was intended to project strength, nobility, and coura

William the Lion, also known as William I of Scotland, ruled as King of Scots from 1165 until his death in 1214. His reign, which spanned nearly 49 years, was one of the longest in medieval Scottish history. Yet, despite the impressive duration of his rule and the formidable nickname "the Lion,

Despite the mythologizing of Kenneth as the founder of Scotland, his true legacy is more nuanced but no less important. A Symbol of Unity Kenneth became a symbol of Scottish unity in later centuries. Medieval chroniclers, including John of Fordun and Andrew of Wyntoun, elevated his role in the